Table of Contents

What Is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)?The Core Nutritional Value of Palm Kernel Expeller: A 2025 BreakdownUnderstanding the Protein Content in PKEEnergy and Fiber: A Double-Edged SwordEssential Mineral CompositionHow to Improve the Nutritional Value of Palm Kernel ExpellerPKE in Livestock Diets: Key ConsiderationsConclusionYour Trusted Source for Palm Products

As the global demand for sustainable and cost-effective animal feed ingredients grows, understanding the nutritional value of palm kernel expeller (PKE) has become more crucial than ever. A significant co-product of the palm oil industry, Palm Kernel Expeller offers a unique blend of energy, protein, and fiber that can be a game-changer for livestock diets when used correctly. This guide explores its detailed nutritional profile for 2025.

What Is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)?

Palm Kernel Expeller is the material left over after the mechanical extraction of oil from the Palm Kernel. This process is what produces valuable Palm Kernel Oil, leaving PKE as a fibrous co-product. It’s distinct from palm kernel cake, which is produced using solvent extraction and typically has a lower residual oil content.

The entire oil palm fruit yields several valuable products, from the primary Crude Palm Oil (from the flesh) to other useful materials like Palm Kernel Shell. PKE is widely recognized as an important feed ingredient, especially for ruminant animals like cattle, sheep, and goats. Its affordability and availability make it an attractive alternative to more traditional feed sources, contributing to a more circular economy within the palm oil sector.

The Core Nutritional Value of Palm Kernel Expeller: A 2025 Breakdown

The chemical composition of PKE can vary based on the oil extraction process, the palm species, and storage conditions. However, a general analysis of the nutritional value of palm kernel expeller reveals several key components that are vital for animal health and productivity. Understanding this composition is key to maximizing its benefits.

Understanding the Protein Content in PKE

PKE contains a moderate level of crude protein, typically ranging from 14% to 21%. This makes it a valuable source of protein for many animal diets. However, the quality of this protein is a critical consideration, as the amino acid profile is somewhat limiting, particularly in essential amino acids like lysine, methionine, and tryptophan. The moderate protein is a cornerstone of the nutritional value of palm kernel expeller, but its quality requires careful consideration.

For this reason, PKE is often used in combination with other protein sources to ensure a balanced diet. As noted in a study published by the Journal of Animals, supplementing PKE-based diets is essential to meet the amino acid requirements of high-producing livestock.

Energy and Fiber: A Double-Edged Sword

One of the most defining characteristics of PKE is its high fiber content. It is rich in Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), which can make up over 50% of its dry matter. This high fiber is beneficial for ruminants, as it promotes good rumen function and gut health.

However, for monogastric animals like poultry and swine, this high fiber content can limit digestibility and energy intake. The metabolizable energy (ME) of PKE is moderate, largely derived from its residual oil content, which can range from 5% to 12%. This makes the nutritional value of palm kernel expeller highly dependent on the species consuming it.

Essential Mineral Composition

PKE is a good source of several essential minerals. It is particularly rich in phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. However, it is relatively low in calcium, leading to an imbalanced calcium-to-phosphorus ratio. A balanced mineral profile is crucial to the overall nutritional value of palm kernel expeller, so careful diet formulation and supplementation with calcium sources like limestone is required to prevent metabolic issues.

It also contains important trace minerals such as copper, zinc, and manganese. Caution is advised when feeding PKE to sheep, as they are highly sensitive to copper toxicity. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), monitoring copper levels in the total diet is crucial when including PKE.

How to Improve the Nutritional Value of Palm Kernel Expeller

Researchers are continuously exploring ways to enhance the nutritional value of palm kernel expeller, primarily by addressing its high fiber content. This is a common goal for many agricultural co-products, including the Oil Palm Fruit Bunch, which is another fibrous material from the palm industry.

One of the most promising methods is solid-state fermentation using fungi like Aspergillus niger. This process helps break down the complex fiber structures, releasing more nutrients and improving protein digestibility. Another common approach is the use of exogenous enzymes that target specific fiber components, making PKE more suitable for monogastric animals.

PKE in Livestock Diets: Key Considerations

The application of PKE varies significantly across different types of livestock, a fact that underscores the variable nature of the nutritional value of palm kernel expeller.

Ruminants (Cattle, Goats): PKE is an excellent ingredient for dairy and beef cattle, serving as a palatable source of protein, energy, and digestible fiber. Inclusion rates can be as high as 30-50% of the concentrate mix. For more on ruminant nutrition, Penn State Extension offers valuable resources.Poultry (Broilers, Layers): Due to the high fiber and gritty texture, inclusion is limited. Generally, rates are kept below 10% in broiler diets and slightly higher in layer diets to avoid depressing growth and feed intake.Swine: Similar to poultry, high fiber limits its use. It is more suitable for gestating sows than for young, growing pigs, with recommended inclusion rates typically under 15%. A study from the Journal of Animal Science explores these limitations in detail.

Conclusion

The nutritional value of palm kernel expeller presents a compelling case for its use as a sustainable and economical feed ingredient. With its moderate protein, good energy content from residual oil, and high fiber, it is particularly well-suited for ruminant animals. While challenges remain for its use in monogastric diets, ongoing advancements in processing and enzyme technology continue to unlock its full potential.

By understanding its nutritional strengths and limitations, farmers and nutritionists can effectively incorporate PKE into balanced rations, reducing feed costs and contributing to a more sustainable agricultural system in 2025 and beyond.

Your Trusted Source for Palm Products

Makmur Amanah Sejahtera provides high-quality palm products such as Palm Kernel Expeller, Palm Kernel Shell, Crude Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil, etc. Kindly contact us at WhatsApp +6282140002198 or email us at admin@makmuramanah.co.id.