In the world of animal nutrition and agriculture, finding cost-effective, high-energy feed ingredients is a constant pursuit. One of the most valuable and widely used resources is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE). But what exactly is it, and why has it become a cornerstone ingredient for livestock feed across the globe? This ultimate guide explores everything you need to know about its uses, specifications, and incredible benefits in 2025.

What Exactly is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)?

Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE), sometimes called Palm Kernel Cake, is a by-product from the mechanical extraction of oil from the kernel of the oil palm fruit. After the palm fruit is harvested for its oil, the seed or “kernel” inside is processed to extract valuable palm kernel oil. The fibrous, protein-rich material left behind is the PKE.

It is a highly sought-after commodity in the global animal feed industry, particularly for ruminant animals like cattle and sheep. Its balanced profile of energy, protein, and fiber makes it an excellent supplement to traditional forage and grains, helping farmers optimize animal health and production efficiently.

How is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) Produced?

The production of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) is directly linked to the palm oil industry. The process involves a mechanical crushing method known as “expeller pressing.” Here’s a simplified breakdown:

• Harvesting: Fresh Oil Palm Fruit Bunch are harvested from oil palm trees.
• Oil Extraction: The fleshy outer part of the fruit is processed to create Crude Palm Oil.
• Kernel Separation: The hard nut at the center is cracked, separating the valuable Palm Kernel from the Palm Kernel Shell.
• Mechanical Pressing: These kernels are then crushed in a mechanical press (an expeller) to squeeze out the Palm Kernel Oil.
• The By-Product: The solid, cake-like residue that remains is the Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE). It is then typically dried and sold as meal or pellets.

Key Specifications of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)

The nutritional quality of PKE can vary based on the source and processing method, but it generally features a consistent profile. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), these are the key specifications that users look for:

Crude Protein (CP)

PKE typically contains a moderate amount of crude protein, usually ranging from 14% to 21%. While not as high as soybean meal, this protein is a valuable component for muscle development and milk production in livestock.

Energy Value

Thanks to its residual oil content and digestible fiber, PKE is an excellent source of energy. This is crucial for maintaining the body condition of dairy cows and supporting growth in beef cattle.

Crude Fiber

With a crude fiber content between 12% and 18%, it supports healthy rumen function in cattle. This fiber helps stimulate digestion and prevents metabolic issues like acidosis.

Residual Oil (Fat)

The mechanical expeller process leaves a residual oil content of about 8-12%. This fat is a dense source of energy and contributes to the overall palatability of the feed.

The Primary Uses of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) in 2025

The versatility of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) makes it a valuable ingredient in various agricultural sectors. Its primary application remains firmly in animal nutrition.

Feed for Ruminants (Cattle, Sheep, Goats)

PKE is most widely used in feed for ruminants. Its balanced nutrient profile makes it ideal for:

• Dairy Cattle: It provides the necessary energy and protein to support high milk yields without the high cost of conventional grains.
• Beef Cattle: It is used in finishing rations to promote weight gain and improve meat quality. Research published in journals like the Animal Feed Science and Technology often highlights its efficacy.
• Sheep and Goats: It serves as an excellent supplementary feed, though care must be taken due to its copper content, which can be toxic to sheep in high concentrations.

Feed for Non-Ruminants (Poultry and Swine)

While less common, PKE is also used in feed for monogastric animals like poultry and pigs. Due to its high fiber content, its inclusion rate is typically lower. However, when processed to improve digestibility, it can be a cost-effective way to supplement their diets.

Other Industrial Applications

Beyond animal feed, researchers are exploring it as a feedstock for biofuel production and as a base for creating organic fertilizers.

4 Incredible Benefits of Using Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)

1. A Highly Cost-Effective Feed Source

Perhaps the most significant benefit of PKE is its price. As a by-product, it is considerably cheaper than primary feed ingredients like corn, barley, and soybean meal. This allows farmers to reduce feed costs, which often represent the largest expense in livestock operations. For more information on feed economics, you can check resources from agricultural bodies like the American Feed Industry Association.

2. Rich in Essential Nutrients

PKE delivers a powerful combination of energy, fiber, protein, and essential minerals like phosphorus and magnesium. This balanced profile supports overall animal health, from milk production to weight gain and digestive well-being.

3. Promotes Sustainability

Using Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) is an excellent example of agricultural upcycling. By converting a by-product of the palm oil industry into valuable animal feed, we reduce waste and create a more circular economy. This aligns with sustainable farming practices promoted by organizations like the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO).

4. Improves Animal Health and Production

The high fiber in PKE promotes good rumen health in cattle, which is essential for efficient digestion. Its energy density helps dairy cows maintain their body condition score during lactation, leading to better fertility and higher lifetime milk production.

Potential Drawbacks and Considerations

While PKE is highly beneficial, there are a few considerations. The quality can vary, so it’s important to source it from a reputable supplier. Additionally, its palatability can sometimes be an issue, and it’s often mixed with molasses or other feeds to encourage intake. As mentioned, its copper levels make it unsuitable for high-inclusion rates in sheep diets.

Makmur Amanah Sejahtera provides high-quality palm products such as Palm Kernel Expeller, Palm Kernel Shell, Crude Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil, etc. Kindly contact us at WhatsApp +6282140002198 or email us at admin@makmuramanah.co.id.

Conclusion: The Future of PKE in Animal Nutrition

Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) is far more than just a by-product; it is a fundamental component of the global feed industry. Its unique combination of cost-effectiveness, nutritional value, and sustainability makes it an indispensable tool for farmers aiming to optimize production in 2025 and beyond. By understanding its specifications and benefits, the agricultural community can continue to leverage this remarkable ingredient to feed livestock efficiently and responsibly.