{"id":3278,"date":"2025-12-28T01:05:02","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T18:05:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/?p=3278"},"modified":"2025-12-28T01:05:02","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T18:05:02","slug":"palm-kernel-expeller-pke-guide-34","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/2025\/12\/28\/palm-kernel-expeller-pke-guide-34\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE): \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2025 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- Table of Contents --><\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\">\n<h2>\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#what-is-pke\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)\u061f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#how-pke-is-made\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)\u061f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#nutritional-specs\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#pke-uses\">Key Uses of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) in Modern Agriculture<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#ruminants\">PKE for Ruminant Feed (Cattle, Goats)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#monogastrics\">PKE for Monogastric Animals (Poultry, Swine)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#other-uses\">Other Emerging Uses for PKE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#benefits\">The Top Benefits of Using Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#limitations\">Potential Limitations and Considerations of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-pke\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)\u061f<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> is a highly valuable co-product derived from the palm oil industry, a process that also yields essentials like <a href=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/products\/rbd-cp8\/\">\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/a>. It is the solid residue that remains after the oil has been mechanically extracted from the kernel of the palm nut. Rich in protein, fiber, and energy, PKE has become a globally recognized and cost-effective ingredient, primarily for animal feed formulations.<\/p>\n<p>Often referred to as Palm Kernel Cake (PKC), this feed material is an excellent example of sustainable agriculture. By utilizing the leftover material from oil production, the industry minimizes waste and creates an affordable nutritional source for livestock. The quality and nutritional profile of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) can vary depending on the oil extraction process and the amount of shell remaining.<\/p>\n<figure>\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/pke-closeup.jpg\" alt=\"A detailed view of high-quality Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) animal feed ingredient.\"><figcaption>High-quality Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) is a nutrient-rich co-product of the palm oil industry.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"how-pke-is-made\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)\u061f<\/h2>\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> is an integral part of the palm oil milling process. It begins after the <a href=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/tandan-kosong-kelapa-sawit\/\">\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0642\u064a\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a<\/a> has been harvested and processed.<\/p>\n<p>The process continues as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0632:<\/strong> The hard palm nut is separated from the fruit and cracked, which separates the valuable <a href=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/kernel-sawit\/\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/a> from the fibrous <a href=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/products\/palm-kernel-shell\/\">\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/a>, another useful byproduct.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628:<\/strong> These kernels are then crushed and cooked to prepare them for oil extraction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062f):<\/strong> The cooked kernels are fed into a mechanical screw press that applies immense pressure, &#8220;expelling&#8221; the valuable <a href=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/products\/rbd-cp8\/\">\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The Co-Product:<\/strong> The solid, fibrous material left behind is the <a href=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/products\/palm-kernel-expeller\/\">\u0645\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644<\/a> (PKE). It is then dried to a safe moisture level for storage and transport.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 id=\"nutritional-specs\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> makes it a staple in feed rations worldwide. While figures can vary based on the processing method, a typical analysis provides a balanced profile of essential nutrients. This makes PKE a versatile component for various types of animal diets.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a table outlining the typical nutritional specifications of a standard-grade Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE):<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a (%)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td>14 \u2013 17%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td>16 \u2013 20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 (\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631)<\/td>\n<td>8 \u2013 12%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062f<\/td>\n<td>3 \u2013 5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0631\u064f\u0637\u064f\u0648\u0628\u064e\u0629<\/td>\n<td>&lt; 10%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The high fiber and residual oil content make <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> an excellent source of energy, particularly for ruminant animals that can efficiently digest fibrous materials. For more detailed analysis, research from institutions like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/ag\/aga\/agap\/frg\/afris\/data\/236.HTM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0648)<\/a> provides extensive data on its composition.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"pke-uses\">Key Uses of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) in Modern Agriculture<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> allows it to be used across various sectors of the agricultural industry. Its primary application remains in animal nutrition due to its favorable cost and nutrient density.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"ruminants\">PKE for Ruminant Feed (Cattle, Goats)<\/h3>\n<p>Ruminants, such as dairy and beef cattle, sheep, and goats, are the largest consumers of PKE. Their unique digestive systems are well-equipped to handle the high fiber content. For them, Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) serves as a reliable source of protein and metabolizable energy, supporting milk production and weight gain. Scientific studies have consistently shown its effectiveness in ruminant diets, as detailed in journals like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.journalofdairyscience.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure>\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/cows-feeding-pke.jpg\" alt=\"Dairy cows eating a mixed ration containing Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE).\"><figcaption>PKE is a cost-effective and palatable feed source for ruminants like dairy cattle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"monogastrics\">PKE for Monogastric Animals (Poultry, Swine)<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> in monogastric diets (like poultry and pigs) is more nuanced. Its high fiber content can limit digestibility for these animals. However, with the addition of specific feed enzymes, its inclusion in their diets is possible and can help reduce overall feed costs. Typically, it is included at lower rates (5-10%) in their rations compared to ruminants.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"other-uses\">Other Emerging Uses for PKE<\/h3>\n<p>Beyond traditional livestock feed, PKE is finding new applications. It is being explored as a feedstock for producing biofuels and as a base for organic fertilizers. These uses further enhance the sustainability profile of the palm oil industry.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"benefits\">The Top Benefits of Using Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)<\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0645\u062c <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> into agricultural operations brings several key advantages for farmers and feed manufacturers.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629:<\/strong> PKE is often more affordable than other protein sources like soybean meal or corn, helping to lower feed production costs significantly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d:<\/strong> The residual oil in PKE provides a concentrated source of energy, which is crucial for high-production animals.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629:<\/strong> As a co-product, PKE reduces waste from the palm oil industry, promoting a circular economy. Its use aligns with global efforts for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/sustainable-consumption-production\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">sustainable consumption and production patterns<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u062f:<\/strong> Most ruminants find PKE palatable, which encourages feed intake and minimizes waste.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"limitations\">Potential Limitations and Considerations of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 <strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> is a fantastic resource, users should be aware of some potential challenges. Quality can vary between suppliers, so it&#8217;s important to source from reputable producers. The high fiber content, while beneficial for ruminants, limits its use in poultry and swine feeds.<\/p>\n<p>Proper storage is also critical. Like any organic feedstuff, PKE can be susceptible to mold and mycotoxins if exposed to moisture. Storing it in a cool, dry place is essential to maintain its quality and safety. For more information on this risk, resources from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mycotoxins\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (WHO)<\/a> on mycotoxins are highly valuable.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 (PKE)<\/strong> stands out as a premier co-product of the palm oil industry, offering a winning combination of affordability, nutritional value, and sustainability. Its role as a staple in ruminant feed is well-established, and its applications continue to expand. By understanding its benefits and specifications, farmers and feed producers can leverage this remarkable ingredient to optimize animal nutrition and promote more sustainable agricultural systems.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 +6282140002198 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 admin@makmuramanah.co.id.<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr>\n<h2 id=\"faq\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. What is the difference between Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) and Palm Kernel Meal (PKM)?<\/strong><br \/>\nThough often used interchangeably, PKE specifically refers to the product from mechanical screw press extraction. PKM can sometimes refer to the product of solvent extraction, which typically has a lower residual oil content.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) safe for all livestock?<\/strong><br \/>\nPKE is very safe and effective for ruminants like cattle. For monogastric animals like chickens and pigs, it should be used at lower inclusion rates and preferably with feed enzymes to aid digestion.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. How should I store PKE to ensure its quality?<\/strong><br \/>\nStore it in a dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and moisture to prevent mold growth and preserve its nutritional value.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/palm-kernel-expeller-pke-guide-4.png\" alt=\"palm-kernel-expeller-pke-guide\" \/><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents What is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)? How is Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) Produced? Nutritional Specifications of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) Key Uses of Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE) in Modern Agriculture PKE for Ruminant Feed (Cattle, Goats) PKE for Monogastric Animals (Poultry, Swine) Other Emerging Uses for PKE The Top Benefits of Using [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":"","rank_math_title":"Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE): The Ultimate 2025 Guide to Uses & Benefits","rank_math_description":"Discover the ultimate 2025 guide to Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE). Learn about its crucial uses in animal feed, key benefits, and detailed nutritional specifications.","rank_math_focus_keyword":"Palm Kernel Expeller (PKE)","rank_math_canonical_url":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/?p=3278"},"categories":[1],"tags":[15,11,30,27,17,14,26,18],"class_list":["post-3278","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bungkil-sawit","tag-bungkil-inti-sawit","tag-bungkil-sawit","tag-bungkil-sawit-di-indonesia","tag-indonesia","tag-jual-bungkil-inti-sawit","tag-jual-bungkil-sawit","tag-jual-cangkang-sawit","tag-palm-kernel-shells"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3278"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3279,"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3278\/revisions\/3279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3278"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/makmuramanah.co.id\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}